The WHO has identified lack of physical activity as a significant risk factor for global mortality. ![]() Optimal physical activity and proper nutrition are also important to prevent metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. It is well established that physical activity (PA) and healthy nutrition are vital lifestyle factors that influence lifelong health by improving body composition, musculoskeletal health, physical and cognitive performance. Along with PA, supplementation of probiotics, bovine colostrum, plant-derived products and functional foods may provide additional benefits in improving the immune system. Therefore, multi-nutrient supplements may benefit people having deficiency in spite of sufficient diet. Rather incorporating various fruits and vegetables, whole grains, proteins and probiotics may ensure adequate nutrient intake. Supplementation of a single nutrient as food is generally not advisable. Through the balanced nutritious diet intake one can fulfill the bodily requirement of optimal nutrition that significantly impacts the immune system. However, overcoming nutritional deficiencies appears to be the most practical recommendation. In terms of interaction with food intake, PA does not tend to increase energy intake during a short time course. ![]() Unfortunately, the available evidence shows conflicting results. We have further discussed several nutritional strategies for improving the immune system. Evidence suggests that long-term PA is beneficial in improving immune system and preventing various infections. In the present review, we have discussed the role of nutrition and PA, which can boost the immune system alone and synergistically. ![]() Such phenomenon is linked to impaired immune responses that lead to dysfunction of multiple organs, while lack of physical activity, progressive loss of muscle mass, and concomitant decline in muscle strength facilitate immunosenescence and inflammation. Clinically, immunosenescence refers to the gradual deterioration of immune system that increases exposure to infections, and reduces vaccine efficacy. During aging, human immune system undergoes dramatic aging-related changes/dysfunctions known as immunosenescence. Infections and their associated symptoms are the common and frequent challenges to human health that are causing severe economic and social consequences around the world. Physical activity (PA) and nutrition are the essential components of a healthy lifestyle, as they can influence energy balance, promote functional ability of various systems and improve immunity. 7Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.6Department of Physical Education, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. ![]()
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